PYROMETALLURGY
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Index of Pyrometallurgy Division Pages

General Information

• Pyrometallurgical processes and equipment . (287 kB)
• Pyrometallurgy Division Introduction
• Pyrometallurgy Division People and Structure
• High Temperature Laboratory (68 kB)

Pilot Plants

• Overview of Pyrometallurgy Division capabilities
• Pyrometallurgy Division Pilot Plants
• 20 ton / day Pilot Plant (5.6 MVA DC-arc)
• 5 ton / day Pilot Plant (3.2 MVA DC-arc)
• 1 ton / day Pilot Plant (200 kVA DC-arc)
• 1 ton / day Pilot Plant (300 kVA AC-arc)
• TBRC Pilot Plant

Computing and Software

• Advanced Computing - Introduction
• Advanced Computing - Facilities
• Advanced Computing - Research
• Pyrosim software description
• Pyrosim software description (full paper)
• Pyrosim users around the world
• Pyrosim User's Manual
• Thermo software description

Conferences

• Upcoming Pyrometallurgical Conferences
• INFACON: International Ferro-Alloys Congress

Technical Papers

• Smelting applications of DC furnaces (4475 kB)
  
  RT Jones

• Advances in the understanding of DC plasma arc behaviour - Insights from photography (6885 kB)
  
  QG Reynolds and RT Jones

• Model development for molten state Al and Ti metals (1153 kB)
  
  AS Lopis, QG Reynolds, and K Bisaka

• Estimating the physical properties of slags (821 kB)
  
  KC Mills, Y Lang, and RT Jones

• Cobalt from slag - Lessons in transition from laboratory to industry (393 kB)
  
  AR Barnes and RT Jones

• What scale should your smelting testwork be done at, and what do you get for the money you spend? (648 kB)
  
  IJ Geldenhuys and RT Jones

• Review of the development work on the Mintek Thermal Magnesium Process (MTMP) (2697 kB)
  M Abdellatif

• Vacuum removal of the impurities from different silicon melts (698 kB)
  J Safarian, BS Xakalashe, and M Tangstad

• Some aspects of dynamic computational modelling of direct current plasma arc phenomena (877 kB)
  QG Reynolds and BD Reddy

• Oxidation and reduction of iron-titanium oxides in chemical looping combustion: a phase-chemical description (638 kB)
  P den Hoed and A Luckos

• Some myths about DC arc furnaces (801 kB)
  (As published in SAIMM Journal (891 kB))
  RT Jones, QG Reynolds, TR Curr, and D Sager

• The dual-electrode DC arc furnace - modelling insights (871 kB)
  (As published in SAIMM Journal (871 kB))
  QG Reynolds

• Silicon processing: from quartz to crystalline silicon solar cells (746 kB)
  BS Xakalashe and M Tangstad

• DC arc smelting of silicon: Is it technically feasible? (260 kB)
  M Abdellatif

• Interaction of MgO-MgR2O4 (R:Al,Cr,Fe) refractories with SO2-containing gases (3140 kB)
  NZ Fotoyi and RH Eric

• Production of titanium metal powder by the HDH process (1866 kB)
  (As published in SAIMM Journal (2469 kB))
  X Goso and A Kale

• Fluid bed chlorination pilot plant at Mintek (369 kB)
  (As published in SAIMM Journal (1069 kB))
  A Kale and K Bisaka

• Experience and results from running of a 1 kg Ti scale Kroll reactor (1169 kB)
  SAC Hockaday and K Bisaka

• Computational simulation of molten titanium-aluminium metal and alloys (147 kB)
  AS Lopis, QG Reynolds, and K Bisaka

• High-speed photography and modelling of direct-current plasma arcs (221 kB)
  QG Reynolds and RT Jones

• The pros and cons of reductive matte smelting for PGMs (125 kB)
  (First page, as published in Minerals Engineering (108 kB))
  RT Jones and IJ Geldenhuys

• Mathematical and computational modelling of the dynamic behaviour of direct current plasma arcs (1852 kB)
  QG Reynolds, RT Jones, and BD Reddy

• Comparing manganese ferroalloy smelting in pilot-scale AC and DC submerged-arc furnaces (2014 kB)
  H Lagendijk, B Xakalashe, T Ligege, P Ntikang, and K Bisaka

• Some aspects of the production of ferrochrome alloys in pilot DC arc furnaces at Mintek (804 kB)
  SAC Hockaday and K Bisaka

• Pre-reduction and smelting characteristics of Kazakhstan ore samples (1950 kB)
  SD McCullough, SAC Hockaday, C Johnson, and NA Barcza

• Mould flux residues aid descaling of reheated austenitic stainless steel (462 kB)
  JN Mukadi and PC Pistorius

• Recovery of base metals and PGMs in a DC alloy-smelting furnace (168 kB)
  RT Jones, IJ Geldenhuys, and QG Reynolds

• Production of Al-Ti master alloys from TiO2 in a DC arc furnace (1220 kB)
  M Abdellatif

• Towards commercialisation of Mintek's ConRoast process for platinum smelting (1068 kB)
  (As published (2374 kB))
  RT Jones

• Four years of DC arc smelting of PGM-containing oxide feed materials at Mintek (467 kB)
  (As published (2524 kB))
  IJ Geldenhuys and RT Jones

• Composite Furnace Modules - Application in DC furnaces for FeNi alloy production (1697 kB)
  F Marx, M Shapiro, N Fowler, NB Gray, and IJ Geldenhuys

• Braemore Platinum Smelters: Commercial exploitation of Mintek's ConRoast technology (646 kB)
  RE Phillips, P Chennells, and RT Jones

• Development of roasting parameters for the ConRoast process with low-sulfur feedstock (500 kB)
  E Eccleston and J White

• The roasting of PGM-ore concentrates in a circulating fluidized bed (1486 kB)
  J Hammerschmidt

• Water atomisation of PGM-containing intermediate alloys (1179 kB)
  JJ Dunkley, D Norval, RT Jones, and P Chennells

• Pyrometallurgical iron removal from a PGM-containing alloy (823 kB)
  SD McCullough, IJ Geldenhuys, and RT Jones

• Mintek Thermal Magnesium Process: Status and Prospective (402 kB)
  M Abdellatif and MJ Freeman

• JOM World Nonferrous Smelter Survey Part IV: Nickel: Sulfide (855 kB)
  AEM Warner, CM Diaz, AD Dalvi, PJ Mackey, AV Tarasov, and RT Jones
  Related paper on Nickel Laterite smelting

• An analysis of pressure fluctuations in a CFB of heavy minerals (334 kB)
  A Luckos, QG Reynolds, and P den Hoed

• South Africa's Ferro Alloys Industry - present status and future outlook (426 kB)
  J Basson, TR Curr, and WA Gericke

• A twin-cathode DC arc smelting test at Mintek to demonstrate the feasibility of smelting FeNi from calcine prepared from siliceous laterite ores from Kazakhstan for Oriel Resources plc (2051 kB)
  IJ Reinecke and H Lagendijk

• Current and potential applications of fluid-bed technology in the ferroalloy industry (556 kB)
  A Luckos, GM Denton, and P den Hoed

• An experimental investigation of foaming in acidic, high FexO slags (352 kB)
  SAC Stadler, JJ Eksteen, and C Aldrich

• Pyrometallurgy at Mintek (3313 kB)
  RT Jones and TR Curr

• Mintek Thermal Magnesium Process (MTMP): Theoretical and operational aspects (272 kB)
  M Abdellatif

• Refining testwork on crude Magnesium produced in the Mintek Thermal Magnesium Process (300 kB)
  M Abdellatif

• Metallurgy from above - a Google Earth perspective (2538 kB)
  QG Reynolds

• Independence Platinum Limited (IPt) - formation and objectives (218 kB)
  RE Phillips, RT Jones, and LA Cramer

• Pilot plant demonstration of the Mintek Thermal Magnesium Process (370 kB)
  M Abdellatif

• Calculation of FeO-TiO2-Ti2O3 liquidus isotherms pertaining to high titania slags (1036 kB)
  DJ Fourie, JJ Eksteen, and JH Zietsman

• EAF Stainless Steel Dust Processing (158 kB)
  GM Denton, NA Barcza, PD Scott, and T Fulton

• A study into the hydrodynamic behaviour of heavy minerals in a circulating fluidized bed (425 kB)
  A Luckos and P den Hoed

• Technological breakthrough of the Mintek Thermal Magnesium Process (138 kB)
  AFS Schoukens, MA Abdel-latif, and MJ Freeman

• An overview of Southern African PGM smelting (249 kB)
  RT Jones

• Twin-electrode DC smelting furnaces - Theory and photographic testwork (1205 kB)
  QG Reynolds and RT Jones

• Atmospheric thermal magnesium extraction (192 kB)
  MA Abdel-latif

• PGM Smelter Survey (93 kB)
  RT Jones

• DC arc smelting of difficult PGM-containing feed materials (25 kB)
  RT Jones and IJ Kotze

• A new process for the thermal refining of zinc (668 kB)
  AD McKenzie

• Semi-empirical modelling of the electrical behaviour of DC-arc smelting furnaces (97 kB)
  QG Reynolds and RT Jones

• Fluidization and flow regimes of titaniferous solids (200 kB)
  A Luckos and P den Hoed

• Direct smelting of stainless steel plant dust (206 kB)
  TJ Goff and GM Denton

• An improved DC-arc process for chromite smelting (478 kB)
  GM Denton, JPW Bennie, and A de Jong

• Economic and environmentally beneficial treatment of slags in DC arc furnaces (575 kB)
  RT Jones

• DC arc photography and modelling (120 kB)
  RT Jones, QG Reynolds, and MJ Alport

• Thermal radiation modelling of DC smelting furnace freeboards (230 kB)
  QG Reynolds

• Pilot plant production of ferronickel from nickel oxide ores and dusts in a DC arc furnace (691 kB)
  IJ Kotze

• Fundamentals of zinc recovery from metallurgical wastes in the Enviroplas process (232 kB)
  MA Abdel-latif

• Recovery of vanadium and nickel from petroleum flyash (205 kB)
  MA Abdel-latif

• ConRoast: DC arc smelting of dead-roasted sulphide concentrates (1130 kB)
  RT Jones

• ConRoast for the platinum industry
  RT Jones

• Recovery of cobalt from slag in a DC arc furnace at Chambishi, Zambia (537 kB)
  RT Jones, GM Denton, QG Reynolds, JAL Parker, and GJJ van Tonder

• The processing of jigged ferromanganese fines in a DC arc furnace (737 kB)
  K Bisaka, GM Denton, and JAL Parker

• Preliminary Investigation into the Roasting of Ilmenite in a CFB Reactor
  A Luckos

• Platinum smelting in South Africa (1024 kB)
  RT Jones

• An anatomy of furnace refractory erosion: Evidence from a pilot-scale facility (295 kB)
  P den Hoed

• Computer modeling and analysis of processes for the production and use of DRI (316 kB)
  AE Morris, AC Deneys, and RT Jones

• Using a direct-current arc furnace to recover cobalt from slags (683 kB)
  RT Jones and AC Deneys

• Recovery of cobalt, nickel and copper from slags using DC-arc furnace technology (423 kB)
  RT Jones

• Emerging pyrometallurgical processes for zinc and lead recovery from zinc-bearing waste materials (1127 kB)
  G Assis

• The selective carbothermic reduction of chromite (752 kB)
  TR Curr, LR Nelson, and LB McRae

• Production of ferronickel from nickel laterites in a DC arc furnace
  H Lagendijk and RT Jones

• Influence of DC-arc furnace geometry on a 'cobalt from slag' process (823 kB)
  RT Jones, TG la Grange, and G Assis

• Recovery of cobalt from a Viburnum trend lead blast furnace slag (722 kB)
  AC Deneys, DGC Robertson, RT Jones, and AW Worcester

• An evaluation of some possible integrated flowsheets for the pyrometallurgical recovery of cobalt using DC-arc furnace technology (547 kB)
  TG la Grange, RT Jones, and GM Denton

• The high current DC arc in extractive metallurgy (579 kB)
  TR Curr

• Thermodynamics and its applications - an overview (294 kB)
  RT Jones

• Cobalt recovery from slag
  RT Jones, DA Hayman, and GM Denton

• The Enviroplas process for the recovery of zinc, chromium and nickel from steel-plant dust (865 kB)
  AFS Schoukens, MA Abdel-latif, MJ Freeman, and NA Barcza

• Environmental treatment of EAF/AOD dusts (2544 kB)
  AFS Schoukens, DG Meyer, and EW Giesseke

• A review of new ferrochromium smelting technologies (290 kB)
  TR Curr

• Pilot-plant production of Prime Western grade zinc from lead blast-furnace slags using the Enviroplas process
  AFS Schoukens, GM Denton, and RT Jones

• Enviroplas technology for the recovery of lead and zinc from lead blast furnace slags (991 kB)
  NA Barcza, DGC Robertson, AFS Schoukens, F Shaw, GM Denton, AW Worcester, and DJ Bailey

• Formation of Titanium carbide from ilmenite concentrates in a thermal plasma reactor (787 kB)
  PR Taylor, M Manrique, SA Pirzada, and MA Abdel-latif

• Solubility of nitrogen in experimental low-nickel austenitic stainless steels (519 kB)
  L Iorio, MB Cortie, and RT Jones

• Reduction of taconite concentrates in a cyclone reactor (1324 kB)
  PR Taylor, MA Abdel-latif, and RW Bartlett

• Thermal Magnesium
  AFS Schoukens

• Breakthrough for Enviroplas Process
  AFS Schoukens

• The treatment of metallurgical wastes using the Enviroplas process (937 kB)
  NA Barcza, CJ Hutton, MJ Freeman, and F Shaw

• The Enviroplas process for the treatment of steel-plant dusts (771 kB)
  AFS Schoukens, F Shaw, and EC Chemaly

• Practical desktop supercomputing (620 kB)
  RT Jones

• Plasma Developments in Africa
  RT Jones, NA Barcza, and TR Curr

• Developments in plasma furnace technology (1018 kB)
  RT Jones, TR Curr, and NA Barcza

• Effect of reductant injection on chromite smelting (993 kB)
  GJ Dreyer and RH Eric

• The solid-state reduction of chromite (777 kB)
  RJ Dippenaar and MJ Niayesh

• Solid-state fluxed reduction of LG-6 chromite from the Bushveld Complex (527 kB)
  RH Eric and P Weber

• The application of plasma-arc technology for the production of calcium carbide (357 kB)
  LJ Erasmus

• Theoretical study of electrically based thermal processes for the treatment of steel-plant dusts
  LR Nelson

• Plasma-arc treatment of steel-plant dust and zinc-containing slag - theoretical and practical considerations (550 kB)
  AFS Schoukens, LR Nelson, and NA Barcza

• Metallurgy of open-bath plasma processes (546 kB)
  NA Barcza, TR Curr, and RT Jones

• Technology for treatment of steel-plant dusts (1198 kB)
  NA Barcza and LR Nelson

• The pyrometallurgical recovery of gold from leached calcine residues (955 kB)
  ASE Kleyenstuber and LB McRae

• A plasma-arc process for the production of magnesium (746 kB)
  AFS Schoukens

• Description of non-ideal slag and metal systems by the intermediate-compound method (821 kB)
  RT Jones and BD Botes

• Pre-reduction of fluxed chromite-ore pellets under oxidizing conditions (1135 kB)
  NA Barcza and RC Nunnington

• Kinetics and mechanism of the chlorination of ferrochromium (1650 kB)
  LR Nelson and RH Eric

• Fluidized-bed reduction of fine iron ore by the in situ combustion of coal (1100 kB)
  JC van den Berg and RJ Dippenaar

• Solid-state reduction of composite chromite pellets in an externally heated moving-bed shaft furnace (610 kB)
  MJ Niayesh and RJ Dippenaar

• Mintek's new 1MW plasma furnace (271 kB)
  DA Hayman

• Mintek's role in the development of plasma-arc technology based on a graphite cathode (560 kB)
  NA Barcza, TR Curr, GM Denton, and DA Hayman

• Energy considerations for the melting of DRI as a function of the degree of pre-reduction (454 kB)
  RT Jones, NA Barcza, and RJ Dippenaar

• A quantitative assessment of mixed ionic and electronic conduction in some commercially available magnesia-stabilized zirconia electrolytes (920 kB)
  MJUT van Wijngaarden, JMA Geldenhuis, and RJ Dippenaar

• The dissolution of a Transvaal chromite in liquid silicate slags under neutral conditions between 1545 and 1660oC (589 kB)
  TR Curr, A Wedepohl, and RH Eric

• The effect of feed pretreatment on the efficiency of a plasma-arc furnace (353 kB)
  WFAT Meihack, TR Curr, NA Barcza, and RT Jones

• Computer simulation of pyrometallurgical processes (807 kB)
  RT Jones

• The smelting of ilmenite in a d.c. transferred-arc plasma furnace with a molten-anode configuration (5731 kB)
  AD Brent

• The potential role of fluidized beds in the metallurgical industry (645 kB)
  WFAT Meihack

• Factors affecting the reduction rate of chromite (486 kB)
  NF Dawson and RI Edwards

• An assessment of smelting reduction processes in the production of Fe-Cr-C alloys (397 kB)
  MJ Niayesh and GW Fletcher

• Technology for the production of new grades and types of ferro-alloys using thermal plasma (698 kB)
  D Slatter, NA Barcza, TR Curr, KU Maske, and LB McRae

• Process routes for beneficiation of noble metals from Merensky and UG-2 ores (953 kB)
  KS Liddell, LB McRae, and RC Dunne

• The control and operation of a pilot-plant DC plasma furnace (487 kB)
  KC Nicol, MS Rennie, and AB Stewart

• The production of ferrotitanium in a d.c. transferred-arc plasma furnace (704 kB)
  AD Brent, LB McRae, and H Lagendijk

• The application of thermal plasma technology to large-scale pyrometallurgical processes (1115 kB)
  NA Barcza, TR Curr, and KU Maske

• The attainment of high power densities in transferred-arc plasma smelting processes (343 kB)
  TR Curr, KU Maske, and KC Nicol

• Development in refractories for plasma technology (1520 kB)
  RC Nunnington, KU Maske, AFS Schoukens, TR Curr, and NA Barcza

• The 3,2MVA plasma facility at Mintek (859 kB)
  TR Curr, KC Nicol, JF Mooney, AB Stewart, and NA Barcza

• The production of manganese ferro-alloys in transferred-arc plasma systems (1855 kB)
  AFS Schoukens and TR Curr

• The aluminothermic reduction of the oxide of reactive metals (599 kB)
  NA Barcza, GW Dreibrodt, and JA Theron

• Metallurgical reaction philosophies of transferred-arc plasma furnaces (514 kB)
  KU Maske and KJ Reid

• The dissipation of energy in D.C. transferred-arc plasma systems and the consequences for the production of ferro-alloys (2688 kB)
  AB Stewart

• The application of transferred-arc plasma to the melting of metal fines (1046 kB)
  LB McRae, NA Barcza, and TR Curr

• The design and operation of transferred-arc plasma systems for pyrometallurgical applications (376 kB)
  TR Curr, NA Barcza, KU Maske, and JF Mooney

• Recent developments in pyrometallurgical plasma technology (472 kB)
  KU Maske and NA Barcza

• The 'dig-out' of a ferrochromium furnace (1611 kB)
  A Wedepohl and NA Barcza

• The growth of ferro-alloy production in South Africa (886 kB)
  RA Featherstone and NA Barcza

• Recent developments in the ferro-alloy field in South Africa (898 kB)
  NA Barcza, RA Featherstone, and CWP Finn

• Optimum slag-alloy relationships for the production of medium- to low-carbon ferromanganese (741 kB)
  DP O'Shaughnessy and NA Barcza

• The production of ferrochromium in a transferred-arc plasma furnace (2055 kB)
  NA Barcza, TR Curr, WD Winship, and CP Heanley

• Slag-metal equilibrium in the production of low-carbon ferromanganese (1082 kB)
  NA Barcza

• The 'dig-out' of a 75 MVA high-carbon ferromanganese electric smelting furnace (1287 kB)
  NA Barcza, A Koursaris, JB See, and WA Gericke

• Plasma technology and its application to extractive metallurgy (2396 kB)
  SML Hamblyn

• The smelting of copper-nickel concentrates in an electric furnace (506 kB)
  RC Urquhart, MS Rennie, and CC Rabey

• Phase equilibria in the Cr-Fe-Si-C system in the composition range representative of high-carbon ferrochromium alloys produced in South Africa (511 kB)
  JCM Wethmar, DD Howat, and PR Jochens

• The mode of current transfer between electrode and slag in the submerged-arc furnace (379 kB)
  WP Channon, RC Urquhart, and DD Howat

• The effects of chromium oxide, iron oxide and calcium oxide on the liquidus temperatures, viscosities and electrical conductivities of slags in the system MgO-Al2O3-SiO (774 kB)
  MS Rennie, DD Howat, and PR Jochens

• Physico-chemical properties of titaniferous slags (997 kB)
  LB McRae, E Pothas, PR Jochens, and DD Howat

• A study of a Direct Method of Stainless Steel Production (1945 kB)
  RP Forsyth

Patents (available as PDF files, 120 kb to 1600 kB)

• 2007 - Metal vapour condensation and liquid metal withdrawal (2007/5597)
  AFS Schoukens, TR Curr, M Abdellatif, RM Whyte

• 2004 - Method of and apparatus for refining zinc (2004/1249)
  AD McKenzie, GM Denton, H Lagendijk, MD Shapiro, DP Mitchell

• 2002 - Iron-nickel alloy production (2002/5502)
  TR Curr, NA Barcza, H Lagendijk

• 2002 - Agglomeration of ferro-alloy fines (2002/4091)
  JP Beukes, J Nell, and SD McCullough

• 2001 - Treatment of metal sulphide concentrates (2001/6720 and EP1157139)
  RT Jones, NA Barcza, G Kaiura, G O'Connell, and T Hannaford

• 1998 - The processing of zinc bearing materials (95/4963 and ZA965134)
  NA Barcza, AFS Schoukens, and GM Denton

• 1996 - Ferrochromium production (96/0877)
  HL Smith, GM Denton, and NA Barcza

• 1995 - The recovery of metal values from slags (95/4458)
  DA Hayman and GM Denton

• 1994 - The production of ferronickel from nickel containing laterite (94/6071)
  H Lagendijk, AFS Schoukens, P Smith, and PWE Blom

• 1993 - The production of stainless steel (93/5789)
  MJ Niayesh

• 1993 - The recovery of titanium from titanomagnetite
  MD Boyd, AFS Schoukens, and GM Denton

• 1992 - The production of high titania slag from ilmenite (93/5072)
  GM Denton and AFS Schoukens

• 1991 - The recovery of platinum-group metals and gold from sources containing same (91/7598)
  LB McRae and EB Pretorius

• 1991 - The production of calcium carbide (91/9350)
  LJ Erasmus and AFS Schoukens

• 1988 - The production of mattes containing PGMs and gold (88/6670)
  LB McRae and JPR de Villiers

• 1988 - The thermal reduction of agglomerated metallurgical feed materials with oxide coatings (88/2581)
  NA Barcza, RA Featherstone, and RC Nunnington

• 1988 - The thermal reduction of agglomerated feed materials with metallic coatings (88/1098)
  NA Barcza and RC Nunnington

• 1987 - Process for the enhanced reduction of chromite ores
  NF Dawson and RI Edwards

• 1986 - The thermal production of magnesium (86/7102)
  AFS Schoukens and NA Barcza

• 1986 - Electrically heated fluidized bed reactor and processes (86/7101)
  NA Barcza, MJ Dry, and WFAT Meihack

• 1984 - The aluminothermic reduction of the oxide of reactive metals (84/0245)
  NA Barcza, GW Dreibrodt, and JA Theron

• 1984 - Materials feeder assembly (84/0994)
  T Monaci

• 1984 - Process for the production of silicomanganese and ferromanganese-silicon alloys (84/9318)
  NA Barcza and AFS Schoukens

• 1983 - The refining of silicon (83/6819)
  LB McRae

• 1983 - Electrode assemblies for thermal plasma generating devices (83/1375)
  TR Curr and JF Mooney

• 1983 - The protection of water cooled plasma generating devices (83/1374)
  NA Barcza and JF Mooney

• 1983 - The treatment of ferromanganese (83/7183)
  TR Curr and IE Schmidt

• 1982 - The production of mattes containing platinum group metals and gold (82/2966)
  LB McRae, TR Curr, and JP Loo

• 1982 - The production and treatment of ferrochromium (82/7404)
  TR Curr and NA Barcza

• 1982 - The refining of ferrochromium metal (82/7403)
  TR Curr and NA Barcza

• 1977 - The control of electrical arc furnaces (77/3923)
  IJ Barker and AB Stewart

• 1976 - Improvements relating to briquettes (76/5287)
  LB McRae

• 1975 - A process for the treatment of mixtures of platinum group metals and gold (75/0593)
  RI Edwards, JP Loo, and DI Ossin

• 1975 - Stainless steel production (75/7930)
  DI Ossin

• 1972 - Improvements in or relating to the production of ferrochromium alloys (72/6389)
  PR Jochens